o ka Naauao
ʻO nā ʻike mai nā haʻawina like ʻole e hōʻike ana he pilikia nui ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka paka paka ʻole i nā ʻano maʻi maʻi like ʻole e like me nā maʻi maʻi poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻi maʻi waha, ka maʻi maʻi pharyngeal, ka maʻi maʻi laryngeal, ka maʻi kanesa esophageal; a me ka ma'i ma'i pancreatic. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka palekana o ka paka paka ʻole i ka puhi paka. Me ka nānā ʻole i ke ʻano, ke ʻano a me nā ala e lawe ai, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā huahana paka āpau (inā lawe wale ʻia a i ʻole me ka lau betel, areca nut/betel nut a me slaked lime) pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia he mea pōʻino a pono e hōʻemi nui ʻia kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o Ka maʻi 'aʻai.
ʻO ka ʻai paka ʻana kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Wahi a ka World Health Organization, ʻoi aku ka make o ka paka ma mua o 8 miliona mau kānaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki a puni ka honua. Aia ma kahi o 1.3 biliona mau mea hoʻohana paka ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma mua o 80% o lākou e noho nei i nā ʻāina loaʻa haʻahaʻa a me waena. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka poʻe i nā huahana paka no ka nikotine, kahi mea hoʻohui kemika nui i loko o ka mea kanu paka.
Ma waho aʻe o ka nikotine, ʻo ka uahi paka kekahi ma kahi o 7000 mau kemikino me 70 carcinogens i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, me nā mea he nui e hōʻino ana i ka DNA. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau kemika me ka hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, kēpau, arsenic, amonia, benzene, carbon monoxide, nitrosamines a me polycyclic aromatik hydrocarbons (PAHs). Aia pū nā lau paka i kekahi mau mea radioactive e like me Uranium, Polonium-210 a me Lead-210 i lawe ʻia mai nā mea momona kiʻekiʻe-phosphate, ka lepo a me ka ea. Hiki ke hoʻohana i ka paka i nā ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai like ʻole, e like me ka lung, laryngeal, waha, esophageal, puʻu, ʻūhā, nā puʻupaʻa, nā ake, ʻōpū, pancreatic, kolona, nā maʻi ʻoki a me nā cerviera, a me nā leukemia myeloid nui.
ʻO kēia ke alakaʻi i ka nīnau inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka paka puhi ʻole i ka puhi baka ʻana a me nā huahana paka ʻē aʻe? E ʻike kākou!
He aha ka paka?
Hoʻohana ʻia ka paka a me nā huahana paka ʻole ma ka waha a i ʻole ma o ka puka ihu, me ka puhi ʻole ʻana i ka huahana. Nui a hewahewa nā huahana paka i puhi ʻole ʻia e like me ka nau ʻana i ka paka, snuff, snus a me ka paka i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
ʻOha, Paka waha a kuha paha
ʻO kēia nā lau leʻaleʻa, nā pākuʻi, a i ʻole nā wili o ka paka maloʻo i ʻono ʻia paha, i nau ʻia a waiho ʻia ma waena o ka papalina a me ka gum a i ʻole nā niho, a kuha ʻia ka lawehala ʻeleʻele a ale ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka nikotine i ka paka i loko o nā nāʻa o ka waha.
Snuff a i ʻole Dipping paka
ʻO kēia ka paka maikaʻi loa, kūʻai ʻia e like me nā ʻano maloʻo a pulu hoʻi, a he mea ʻono paha ke hoʻohui ʻia. Hoʻonani ʻia a huki ʻia i loko o ka lua nasal ka snuff maloʻo, loaʻa i ka pauka. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hamo ma waena o ka lehelehe lalo a i ʻole ka papalina a me ka gum a lawe ʻia ka nicotine ma o nā ʻano o ka waha.
ʻO Snus
ʻO kahi ʻano snuff mākū i hoʻowali ʻia me nā mea ʻala a hua paha, i mālama ʻia ma waena o ke kāpili a me nā ʻiʻo waha a ale ʻia ka wai.
Paka hoʻoheheʻe
Hoʻonoono ʻia kēia, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kaomi ʻia, ka paka i pau i ka waha a koi ʻole i ka kuha ʻana i ka wai paka.
E like me ka paka, nā cika, a me nā huahana paka ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana pū kekahi i ka paka puhi ʻole ʻia ma muli o ka ʻike nicotine.
Aia kekahi mau maʻi ʻino i loaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā huahana paka paka ʻole?
He nui ka poʻe o mākou i manaʻo kuhi he ʻoi aku ka palekana o nā huahana paka ʻole i ka puhi paka no ka mea ʻaʻole pili lākou i ka māmā. Ka maʻi 'aʻai. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi i ka poʻe i "uwahi" i ka paka. ʻO ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā mea paka paka ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻano maʻi maʻi like ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe ʻano palekana o ka paka a i ʻole ka pae palekana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka.
Aia he 28 i nā maʻi ʻaʻai ʻē aʻe e hana ana i nā ʻākena a i ʻole carcinogens i ʻike ʻia i nā huahana paka ʻole. ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo nā mea kumu maʻi maʻi ʻōpala ʻoi loa nā nitrosamines kikoʻī (TSNA). Ma waho aʻe o nā TSNA, nā carcinogens ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka paka puhipaka pū ʻole me nā N-nitrosoamino acid, nā N-nitrosamines hū, nā aldehydes hū, nā polikukulele ʻaʻala aromika (PAH) a me nā mea radioactive e like me polonium-210 a me uranium-235 a -238. (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization)
Nā Mea ʻai e ʻAi ai Ma hope o ka ʻike maʻi ʻaʻai!
ʻAʻohe ʻelua maʻi ʻaʻai. E hele i waho o nā kulekele meaʻai maʻamau no kēlā me kēia kanaka a hoʻoholo i nā koho pilikino e pili ana i ka meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha me ka hilinaʻi.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā Pilikia olakino me ka paka paka ʻole
Ma muli o ke kū ʻana o nā kemika weliweli a me nā carcinogens, pili pū ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana paka ʻole me nā ʻano o nā pilikia olakino. Ua helu ʻia kekahi o kēia mau mea ma lalo:
- ʻIke o nā ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai
- Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka nicotine e like me nā huahana paka uahi ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike mau ʻia i ka puhi paka ʻana i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā i ka lā.
- Pilikia o nā maʻi puʻuwai
- Maʻa mau i nā maʻi kāpili, nā ʻūhaʻi niho, nalo o ka niho, nā kāʻei emi, ka abrasion o nā niho, ka hanu maikaʻi ʻole, ka nalo ʻana o ka iwi a puni nā aʻa a me ka palu ʻana o nā niho.
- ʻO nā lehelehe waha ʻōlelo Precancerous e like me leukoplakia
- ʻO nā helehelena like me ke kanakē o kekahi mau huahana paka ʻole ʻole e hoʻowalewale i nā keiki a alakaʻi i ka lāʻau make nicotine.
Hoʻohana paka paka ʻole a me ka makaʻu ʻaukake
Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā noiʻi ʻokoʻa a me nā loiloi ʻōnaehana e nā mea noiʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ʻole a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻike mai kekahi o kēia mau noiʻi ma lalo.
Hoʻohana paka paka ʻaʻohe a me ka ʻaʻa ʻole i ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha
- Ua hana nā kānaka noiʻi mai ka ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevent and Research, India i kahi kālailai o 37 mau noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 1960 a me 2016, e loiloi i ka hui ma waena o ka paka paka ʻole a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha. Ua loaʻa nā noiʻi ʻana ma o ka ʻimi moʻokalaleo i ka Pubmed, Indmed, EMBASE, a me Google Scholar ʻikepili / ʻenekini huli. Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻohana paka ʻole me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha, keu hoʻi ma nā wahi Hikina Hema o ʻAsia, nā Kaiwaenahonua Hikina, a ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana wahine. (Smita Asthana et al, Nicotine Tob Res., 2019)
- I loko o kahi meta-analysis o 25 mau noiʻi i lawe ʻia e nā mea noiʻi mai India, ua ʻike lākou ua pili ka hoʻohana paka ʻole ʻana me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka waha, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal a me nā maʻi ʻōpū. Ua ʻike pū lākou i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makaʻu o ka wahine i ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha, akā ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka maʻi ʻaʻai esophageal. (Dhirendra N Sinha et al, Int J Cancer., 2016)
- ʻO nā kānaka noiʻi mai Leibniz Institute no ka Prevent Research a me Epidemiology-BIPS ma Kelemania a me ke Kulanui Lapaʻau ʻo Khyber ma Pakistan, ua hana i kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana o nā puke 21 e nānā i ka makaʻu o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano paka ʻā ʻole o ka paka. Ua loaʻa ka ʻikepili ma o ka ʻimi palapala ʻana ma Medline a me ka Pūnaewele ʻII o ISI, no nā noiʻi nūhou i paʻi ʻia ma Asia Hema mai ka makahiki 1984 a hiki i ka makahiki 2013. Ua ʻike lākou ua pili ka nau ʻana i ka paka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paan me ka paka me ka piʻi nui o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha. (Zohaib Khan et al, J Cancer Epidemiol., 2014)
- Ua lawe ʻia kahi meta-analysis o 15 mau noiʻi e nā kānaka noiʻi o ke Kulanui ʻo Griffith ma Australia e loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka puhaka waha ʻole ʻole i kēlā me kēia ʻano, ka betel quid (me ka lau betel, ka hua pala / ka hua betel a me ka limu slaked) me ka ʻole ʻo ka paka a me ka nut areca, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha ma Asia Hema a me ka Pākīpika. Loaʻa nā noiʻi ma o ka huli palapala ʻana ma Pubmed, CINAHL a me Cochrane database a hiki i Iune 2013. Ua ʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e pili nui ana ka nau ʻana i ka paka me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka makaʻi o ka carcinoma squamous-cell o ka lua waha. Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka betel quid (i loaʻa ka betel leaf, areca nut / betel nut a slaked lime) me ka ʻole o ka paka i hopena i ka nui o ka makaʻu o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha, ma muli paha o ka carcinogenicity o ka areca nut.
Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia mau noiʻi i kahi hui ikaika ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka paka i puhi ʻole ʻia (me ka ʻole o ka lau betel, areca nut / betel nut a me slime lime) a hoʻonui ʻia ka makaʻu o ka maʻi ʻaʻai waha.
Hoʻohana paka paka ʻole a me ke poʻo a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻāʻī
Ua noiʻi nā mea noiʻi mai ka National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, North Carolina i ka ʻikepili mai 11 US case-control study (1981-2006) o nā maʻi maʻi waha, pharyngeal, a me ka laryngeal e pili ana i nā hihia 6,772 a me nā mana 8,375, ma ka International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology ( INHANCE) Consortium. Ua ʻike lākou ʻo ka poʻe i puhi ʻole i ka paka akā ua hoʻohana i ka snuff ua pili pū me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waha. maʻi pū. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike lākou ua pili pū ka nau paka me ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi waha, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ua nāwaliwali ka hui i ka wā i loiloi pū ʻia ai nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. (Annah B Wyss et al, Am J Epidemiol., 2016)
Ua hoʻopau ka noiʻi ʻana e pili paha ka paka puhipaka me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka maʻi kanesa o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi nā maʻi ʻula waha, me ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka makaʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia ka snuff ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka paka ʻana.
ʻO ka ʻona a me ka paka ʻana a me ka makaʻu o ka maʻi HPV i nā maʻi maʻi poʻo a me nā ʻāʻī
Nānā nā kānaka noiʻi mai India i nā hopena mai nā laʻana i lawe ʻia mai 106 poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī Ka maʻi 'aʻai nā maʻi i loaʻa mai ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī oncology oncology unit o Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute (BBCI), Regional Cancer Center, Guwahati, India no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka maʻi HPV (hr-HPV) kiʻekiʻe a me kona hui pū ʻana me nā ʻano nohona me ka paka a me ka inu ʻona. . Ua kākau inoa ʻia nā maʻi ma waena o ʻOkakopa 2011 a me Kepakemapa 2013. (Rupesh Kumar et al, PLoS One., 2015)
Ua loaʻa nā maʻi HPV kiʻekiʻe ma 31.13% o nā maʻi maʻi poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana ua pili nui ka ʻai ʻana o ka waiʻona a me ka nau ʻana i ka paka me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka maʻi hr-HPV i nā hihia maʻi poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. Ua hoʻohui pū lākou i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka maʻi HPV-18, ua ʻike ʻo HPV-16 e pili nui ana me ka nau ʻana i ka paka.
Hoʻohana paka paka ʻole a me nā pilikia o ka maʻi ʻaʻai Esophageal
I loko o kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia e nā mea noiʻi o ke Kulanui o Kuwait, ua loiloi lākou i ka pilina ma waena o ka nī ʻana i ka nīnū, ka betel quid (nona ka lau betel, ka hua pala / ka hua betel a me ka limu slaked), ka ʻū ʻana o ka waha, ka puhi ʻana i ka paka a me ka makaʻu o ka esophageal squamous-cell maʻi kanesa / maʻi ʻaʻai ma nā ʻAsia Hema. Ua hoʻohana ka noiʻi i ka ʻikepili mai nā hihia he 91 o ka esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma a me 364 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaohi mai nā haukapila mālama nui ʻekolu ma Karachi, Pakistan.
Ua loaʻa i kā lākou kālailai ka poʻe i nau i ka nut areca, chewed betel quid (me ka lau betel, areca nut / betel nut a me slime lime) me ka paka, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka ʻūlū ʻana a i ʻole nā uahi paka paha i pili me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka makaʻu o ka escageal squamous-cell carcinoma / cancer. . Ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ka makaʻu o ka escalage squamous-cell car cancer hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻūlū ahi. (Saeed Akhtar et al, Eur J Cancer., 2012)
Hoʻohana paka paka ʻaʻohe a me ka Pilikia maʻi ʻaʻai Pancreatic
Ua noiʻi nā kānaka noiʻi mai ka ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevent & Research, Noida a me School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India i ka pilina ma waena o ka baka puhipaka ʻole a me ka pilikia o nā ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai like ʻole. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻikepili mai 80 mau noiʻi, i hoʻopili pū ʻia me 121 mau manaʻo loiloi no nā ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai like ʻole, i loaʻa ma o ka ʻimi palapala ʻana ma PubMed a me nā ʻikepili na Google Scholar e pili ana i nā noiʻi i paʻi ʻia mai ka makahiki 1985 a Ianuali 2018 e pili ana i ka paka a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻole. (Sanjay Gupta et al, Indian J Med Res., 2018)
Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana ua pili ka hoʻohana paka ʻole me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka makaʻu o nā ʻōpū waha, esophageal a me pancreatic; me ka makaʻu o nā wahaheʻe waha a me nā esophageal i ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka South-East Asian Region a me ka Eastern Mediterranean Region, a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai pancreatic ma ka ʻEulopa ʻEulopa.
Panina
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina like ʻole i ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā huahana paka paka ʻole i ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi maʻi like ʻole me ka maʻi maʻi poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, ʻoi aku ka waha. Ka maʻi 'aʻai, ma'i 'a'ai pharyngeal, ma'i 'a'ai laryngeal, ma'i 'a'ai esophageal; a me ka ma'i ma'i pancreatic. Hāʻawi kēia i ka hōʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano, ke ʻano a me nā ala e lawe ai, ʻo nā huahana paka (inā lawe wale ʻia a me ka lau betel, areca nut/betel nut a me slaked slime) he mea pōʻino a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano maʻi maʻi like ʻole a me nā pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe. No laila, pono e hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana paka a pau me ka paka paka ʻole.
He aha nā meaʻai āu e ʻai ai a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha āu e lawe ai i hoʻoholo. Pono e hoʻoholo i kāu hoʻoholo ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka maʻi ʻaʻai, nā lāʻau e hoʻomau nei a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha, nā maʻi āpau, nā ʻike nohona, ke kaupaona, ke kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano.
ʻAʻole hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻolālā meaʻai no ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai addon ma ka ʻimi pūnaewele. Hoʻokele ia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana iā ʻoe ma muli o ka ʻepekema molekole i hoʻokō ʻia e ko mākou ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekini polokalamu. Nānā ʻole inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o nā ʻolaola biōmika kumu a i ʻole ʻole - no ka hoʻolālā meaʻai no ka maʻi ʻaʻai e pono ai ka ʻike.
E hoʻomaka I K NOWIA manawa me kāu hoʻolālā meaʻai e ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka inoa o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kūpuna, nā mālama ʻana a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha mau, nā maʻi āpau, nā ʻano, ka nohona, nā makahiki a me nā kāne.
Mea 'ai pilikino no ka ma'i 'a'ai!
Hoʻololi ka maʻi kanesa me ka manawa. Hoʻopilikino a hoʻololi i kāu meaʻai e pili ana i ka hōʻailona maʻi maʻi, ka mālama ʻana, ke ʻano o ka nohona, nā makemake meaʻai, nā allergies a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mea maʻi maʻi maʻi e hana pinepine me nā mea ʻokoʻa nā hopena ʻaoʻao chemotherapy kahi e hoʻopili ai i ko lākou ola o ke ola a nānā i nā hoʻoponopono ʻokoʻa no ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Lawe ana i ka ka meaʻai kūpono a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha e pili ana i nā noʻonoʻo ʻepekema (ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka wānana a me ke koho wale ʻana) ʻo ia ka lāʻau kūlohelohe maikaʻi loa no ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me nā lāʻau e pili ana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao.