addonfinal2
Ndi Zakudya Zotani Zomwe Zimalimbikitsidwa pa Khansa?
ndi funso lofala kwambiri. Mapulani a Chakudya Chamunthu Ndi zakudya ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro cha khansa, majini, chithandizo chilichonse komanso momwe moyo ulili.

Kumwa Mowa komanso Kuopsa kwa Khansa

Jul 30, 2021

4.8
(35)
Chiyerekezo cha nthawi yowerengera: Mphindi 11
Kunyumba » Blogs » Kumwa Mowa komanso Kuopsa kwa Khansa

Mfundo

Meta-kuwunika kwa kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana akuwonetsa kuti kumwa mowa kumabweretsa zotsatira zosafunikira monga kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa monga khansa ya mutu ndi khosi kuphatikiza khansa yapakamwa ndi ya pharyngeal, khansa yam'mero, khansa ya chithokomiro komanso khansa ya m'mphuno, komanso khansa ya colorectal, chiwindi ndi mabere, komabe, kaya mowa umayambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo ndi khansa ya prostate sizodziwika.



Khansara ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa imfa padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi khansa chimadalira zinthu zambiri zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira kuphatikiza kusintha kwa ma genetic, zaka, mbiri yabanja khansa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga kukhudzidwa ndi ma radiation. Komabe, pali zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa / zimathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa (monga m'mawere, mapapo, prostate, colorectal, khansa ya mutu ndi khosi ndi zina) koma zili m'manja mwathu, monga zizolowezi zazakudya kuphatikiza kumwa mowa, kusuta fodya , kudya nyama yofiyira, nyama yophikidwa bwino komanso zakudya zokonzedwanso kwambiri komanso zinthu za moyo monga kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kunenepa kwambiri. 

mowa umayambitsa khansa ya m'mawere

Mowa nthawi zonse umatengedwa ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la zikondwerero, maphwando ndi zochitika zamagulu. Ngakhale kuti ambiri amamwa mowa pang'onopang'ono monga gawo la "zakumwa zoledzeretsa", anthu ambiri amamwa mowa wambiri nthawi zonse, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa zotsatira zosafunikira kuphatikizapo matenda osiyanasiyana owopsa ndi ngozi zapamsewu. Imfa zambiri zamwamsanga (zakale kwambiri) zitha kukhala chifukwa chakumwa mowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pafupifupi 13.5 % amafa azaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka 39. (Bungwe Loyanganira Thanzi Padziko Lonse la Pansi) 

Kodi Kumwa Mowa Kungayambitse Khansa?

Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa anthu 1 alionse amamwalira (pafupifupi 20% ya imfa zapadziko lonse) zimachitika chifukwa chomwa mowa ndipo mmodzi mwa anthu 5.3 aliwonse amamwalira ndi khansa padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro osiyanasiyana apangidwa ndi ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi kuti aunikire mgwirizano pakati pa mowa ndi khansa. Zitsanzo za zowunikira zina zomwe zidafufuza ngati mowa ungayambitse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa (monga mutu ndi khosi, bere, mapapo, prostate ndi colorectal) zaphatikizidwa mubulogu iyi. 

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse Khansa ya Mutu ndi Pakhosi

  1. Kuwunika komwe kunachitika pa kuchuluka kwa anthu, mayendedwe odziwikiratu momwe moyo uliri komanso zidziwitso zachipatala kuchokera kumaphunziro asanu a International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) Consortium, omwe adaphatikiza odwala 4759 a khansa ya mutu ndi khosi (HNC) adapeza kuti, kumwa mowa kusanachitike. kumwa ndi chinthu chodziwikiratu cha kupulumuka kwathunthu komanso kupulumuka kwapadera kwa HNC kwa odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'phuno. (L (Giraldi et al, Ann Oncol., 2017)
  2. Pakafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mu 2017, ofufuza adagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chakumwa mowa cha odwala 811 a khansa ya mutu ndi khosi (HNC) ndi maulamuliro 940 ochokera ku Taiwan kuti awunikire mgwirizano pakati pa mowa ndi HNC ndi masamba ena ndipo adapeza kuti kumwa mowa modalira mlingo kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha HNC. omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya hypopharyngeal, yotsatiridwa ndi khansa ya oropharyngeal ndi laryngeal. Chiwopsezochi chinapezekanso kuti ndi chokwera kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la ethanol pang'onopang'ono. (Cheng-Chih Huang et al, Sci Rep., 2017)
  3. Meta-analysis of data yomwe idapezedwa kuchokera ku Pubmed search mpaka Seputembara 2009 yomwe idaphatikizapo kuwongolera milandu 43 ndi kafukufuku wamagulu awiri kuphatikiza milandu 17,085 ya khansa yapakamwa ndi pharyngeal (OPC) idapeza kuti omwa mowa kwambiri amalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa komanso chiopsezo chinawonjezeka m'njira yodalira mlingo. Kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti mlingo wochepa wa> r = 1 chakumwa kapena 10g ethanol / tsiku ukhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha OPC. (Irene Tramacere et al, Oral Oncol., 2010)
  4. Kuwunikidwa kwa zomwe zapezeka pakufufuza m'mabuku osungiramo zinthu monga Embase, Latin America ndi Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), PubMed, Science Direct, ndi Web of Science) mpaka Julayi 2018, zomwe zidaphatikizapo zolemba 15, zidapeza kuti kumwa mowa ndi fodya kukuchulukirachulukira. chiopsezo cha oral squamous cell carcinoma. (Fernanda Weber Mello et al, Clin Oral Investig., 2019)
  5. Kuwunika mwadongosolo komanso kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwazomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamabuku mu nkhokwe za PubMed ndi Embase mpaka Julayi 2012 zomwe zinaphatikizapo 8 gulu / anthu ozikidwa ndi maphunziro a 11 owongolera adapeza kuti kumwa mowa mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lapamwamba la aerodigestive thirakiti (pakamwa, pharynx, Khansara ya larynx, ndi esophagus) imalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha khansa yachiwiri yayikulu. (Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo et al, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014)

Maphunziro omwe ali pamwambawa akusonyeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungayambitse khansa ya m'mutu ndi ya m'khosi monga khansa ya m'kamwa/pakamwa, khansa ya m'mphuno ndi khansa ya m'mphuno. (Harindra Jayasekara, Alcohol Alcohol., 2016; V Bagnardi, Br J Cancer., 2015)

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse khansa ya Chithokomiro

Mu kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mu 2016, ofufuza ochokera ku China adasanthula zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera ku PubMed ndi EMBASE databases zomwe zidaphatikiza maphunziro 24 ndi 9,990. khansa ya chithokomiro milandu ndipo anapeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungagwirizane ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiopsezo cha khansa ya Chithokomiro. (Xiaofei Wang et al, Oncotarget. 2016)

Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungayambitse khansa ya chithokomiro. 

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse Khansa ya Esophageal

  1. Mu kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mu 2014, ofufuza ochokera ku University of Michigan Medical School, Michigan adasanthula zomwe adapeza pakufufuza zolemba m'madawuninso kuphatikiza MEDLINE, ndemanga za EBM, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge ndi BIOSIS zomwe zidaphatikizanso mawu 5 ndipo adapeza kuti mowa ndi fodya. kudya synergistically kuchuluka chiopsezo cha khansa yotsekula m'mimba. (Anoop Prabhu et al, Am J Gastroenterol., 2014)
  2. Kuwunika mwadongosolo ndi kusanthula meta pogwiritsa ntchito 40-control control and 13 cohort/population studies zomwe zinaphatikizapo maphunziro a 17 ochokera ku America, 22 ochokera ku Asia, 1 ochokera ku Australia ndi 13 ochokera ku Ulaya, adapeza kuti kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso komanso kwambiri kungagwirizane ndi kuwonjezeka. chiopsezo cha khansa ya esophageal. Kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti kumwa mowa pang'ono kumatha kulumikizidwanso ndi khansa ya esophageal ku Asia, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa zinthu zomwe zingayambitse matenda. (Farhad Islami et al, Int J Cancer. 2011)

Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungayambitse khansa ya m'mimba. (V Bagnardi, Br J Cancer., 2015)

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse Khansa ya M'mawere

  1. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya Lanzhou, ku China pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wamagulu 25 adapeza kuti pali mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi mlingo pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi imfa ya khansa ya m'mawere ndi kubwereranso. Adapezanso kuti kumwa mowa wopitilira 20 g / tsiku kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa khansa ya m'mawere. (Yun-Jiu Gou et al, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev., 2013)
  2. Kuwunika kwa meta komwe kumaphatikizanso mafunso okhudzana ndi chakudya chochokera ku 6 omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere 200 ochokera ku Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, ndi United States adapeza kuti kumwa mowa kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa khansa ya m'mawere. akazi. Kafukufukuyu anasonyezanso kuti mwa amayi amene amamwa mowa pafupipafupi, kuchepetsa kumwa mowa kungathandize kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa ya m’mawere. (SA Smith-Warner et al, JAMA, 1998)

Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungayambitse khansa ya m'mawere. (V Bagnardi, Br J Cancer., 2015)

Zakudya Zoti Mudye Mukatha Kuzindikira Khansa!

Palibe khansa ziwiri zomwezi. Pitani kupitilira malangizo omwe anthu onse amapereka kwa onse ndikupanga zisankho zomwe mungakonde pazakudya ndi zowonjezera ndi chidaliro.

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse Khansa ya Colourectal 

  1. Kuwunika kwa meta komwe adachita ofufuza a Zhejiang University School of Public Health, China pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe adapeza pakufufuza m'mabuku mu PubMed ndi Web of Science kuyambira Januware 1966 mpaka Juni 2013 zomwe zidaphatikizanso kafukufuku wamagulu 9 adapeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri molingana ndi ≥50. g/tsiku la ethanol likhoza kuonjezera chiopsezo cha kufa kwa khansa yapakhungu. (Shaofang Cai et al, Eur J Cancer Prev., 2014)
  2. Kusanthula kwina kofananira kwa data kuchokera ku 27 cohort ndi maphunziro 34 owongolera milandu omwe adadziwika kudzera mukusaka kwa mabuku a Pubmed adapeza kuti kumwa mowa> 1 chakumwa / tsiku kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa yapakhungu. (V Fedirko et al, Ann Oncol., 2011)
  3. Kusanthula kwamaphunziro 16 komwe kumaphatikizapo milandu 14,276 ya khansa yapakatikati ndi zowongolera 15,802 kuchokera ku zowongolera 5 ndi maphunziro 11 owongolera milandu adapeza kuti kumwa kwambiri (zakumwa zopitilira 3 / tsiku) kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu. khansa ya colorectal. (Sarah McNabb, Int J Cancer., 2020)

Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungayambitse khansa yapakhungu.(Harindra Jayasekara, Alcohol Alcohol. 2016; V Bagnardi, Br J Cancer., 2015)

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse Khansa ya Chiwindi 

  1. Kuwunika kwa meta komwe kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zopezeka muzofufuza zamabuku mu PubMed mpaka Meyi 2014 zomwe zidaphatikiza zofalitsa 112 zidapeza kuti chakumwa chimodzi choledzeretsa patsiku (~ 12 g / tsiku) chikhoza kulumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya chiwindi ka 1.1. Kuwunikaku kunanenanso kuti kumwa mowa ndi hepatitis komanso matenda a shuga pachiwopsezo cha khansa ya chiwindi, komabe, aperekanso kafukufuku wochulukirapo kuti akhazikitse zomwezo. (Shu-Chun Chuang et al, Cancer Causes Control., 2015)
  2. Kuwunika kofananira komweko komwe kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zomwe zidapezeka pakufufuza m'mabuku mu PubMed ndi EMBASE mpaka Epulo 2013 zomwe zidaphatikiza zolemba 16 (magulu 19) okhala ndi zochitika 4445 ndi kufa 5550 chifukwa cha khansa ya chiwindi, adapeza kuti 46% ya chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha khansa ya chiwindi 50 g wa ethanol patsiku ndi 66% 100 g patsiku. Ndemangayi ikuwonetsa gawo loyipa la kumwa mowa kwambiri (kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa 3 kapena kupitilira apo patsiku) pa khansa ya chiwindi, komanso kusayanjana ndi kumwa pang'ono.

Mulimonsemo, kafukufukuyu akusonyezanso kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kungayambitse khansa ya chiwindi. (V Bagnardi, Br J Cancer., 2015)

Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse Khansa Yam'mimba 

  1. Kusanthula mwadongosolo kochitika pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zapezeka pakufufuza kwa Medline kuphatikiza maphunziro 10 adapeza kuti kumwa mowa kwambiri kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya m'mimba. Kafukufukuyu adatsimikiziranso kuti kumwa mopitirira muyeso komanso kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kungagwirizane ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mimba. (Ke Ma et al, Med Sci Monit., 2017)
  2. Meta-analysis of 11 cohort studies yopezedwa kuchokera ku PUBMED ndi Ichushi database kufufuza pamodzi ndi kufufuza pamanja pa anthu aku Japan anapeza kuti 9 mwa maphunziro 11 panalibe kugwirizana pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi khansa ya m'mimba, komabe kafukufuku wina anasonyeza chiopsezo chachikulu cha m'mimba. khansa mwa amuna omwe amamwa mowa kwambiri. Ofufuzawo adapereka kafukufuku wochulukirapo pa kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Japan kuti atsimikizire zomwezo. (Taichi Shimazu et al, Jpn J Clin Oncol., 2008)

Kumwa mopambanitsa komwe kumaphatikizapo kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zitatu kapena kuposerapo patsiku kungayambitse khansa ya m'mimba.

Chakudya Chamtundu Wokha pa Kuopsa kwa Matenda a Khansa | Pezani Zomwe Mungachite

Kumwa Mowa ndi Impso, Prostate ndi Khansa Yam'mapapo

Khansa ya Impso

  1. Meta-analysis of data yomwe inapezedwa kuchokera ku PubMed, EMBASE, ndi MEDLINE databases mpaka August 2011 yomwe inaphatikizapo maphunziro a 20 owongolera milandu, maphunziro a 3 cohort, ndi 1 kusanthula kafukufuku wamagulu anapeza kuti, modabwitsa, kumwa mowa kungagwirizane ndi chiopsezo chochepa. khansa ya m'maselo a aimpso, kumwa pang'onopang'ono kumapereka chitetezo komanso kumwa kwambiri komwe sikumawonjezera phindu. (DY Song et al, Br J Cancer. 2012) Kafukufukuyu anasonyeza kuti kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kungathandize kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa ya aimpso.
  1. Komabe, kusanthula kwina kwa data komwe kumaphatikizapo maphunziro 20 (4 cohort, 1 pooled and 15 case-control) omwe adapezedwa kuchokera pakufufuza m'mabuku a PubMed ndi EMBASE mpaka Novembala 2010 adapeza kuti kumwa mowa pang'onopang'ono komanso mopitilira muyeso kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya aimpso.  

Ponseponse, kugwirizana pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi khansa ya impso sikudziwika.

Kansa ya Prostate

Kafukufuku wambiri adawunikiranso mgwirizano pakati pa mowa ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya prostate. Komabe, zotsutsana zofananira zidapezekanso m'maphunzirowa okhudzana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya prostate (Jinhui Zhao et al, BMC Cancer., 2016; Christine M Velicer et al, Nutr Cancer., 2006; Matteo Rota et al, Eur J Cancer Prev., 2012). 

m'mapapo Cancer

Kaya kumwa mowa kumapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo chiwonjezeke sichidziwikanso. Pamene kufufuza kwina kunasonyeza kuti “chiwopsezo chokulirapo pang’ono cha mapapo khansa amalumikizidwa ndi kumwa> kapena = 30 g mowa / tsiku poyerekeza ndi kusamwa mowa” (Jo L Freudenheim et al, Am J Clin Nutr., 2005), kafukufuku wachiwiri adawonetsa kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo. “osati” osuta. (V Bagnardi et al, Ann Oncol., 2011)

Kafukufuku wochulukirapo akufunika kuti atsimikizire ngati kumwa mowa kumayambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo.

Kumwa Mowa ndi Kuopsa kwa Khansa ya Endometrial ndi Ovarian

Kafukufuku wochuluka wa meta adawunika mgwirizano pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi endometrial khansa. Komabe, maphunzirowa sanapeze mayanjano ofunikira pakati pa awiriwa. Ambiri mwa maphunzirowa adanenanso kuti zotsatira zake zinali zofanana mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa chakumwa choledzeretsa. (Quan Zhou et al, Arch Gynecol Obstet., 2017; Qingmin Sun et al, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011)

Kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa data yomwe idapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamabuku mu PubMed mpaka Seputembara 2011 yomwe idaphatikizapo maphunziro 27 owunikira, omwe 23 anali maphunziro owongolera milandu, kafukufuku wamagulu atatu komanso kusanthula kophatikizana kwa omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala gulu, kuphatikiza onse 3 odwala khansa ya epithelial ovarian. , sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa kumwa mowa ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya ovarian.

Kutsiliza

Kafukufuku wambiri ndi kusanthula kwa meta kumasonyeza kuti kumwa mowa kumakweza chiopsezo cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa monga khansa ya mutu ndi khosi kuphatikizapo khansa ya m'kamwa ndi ya pharyngeal, khansa ya m'mimba, khansa ya chithokomiro, khansa ya m'mphuno; khansa ya m'matumbo; khansa ya chiwindi ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Komabe, kusanthula kwa meta kwamafukufuku osiyanasiyana kunawonetsa kuti kumwa mowa sikungagwirizane nawo khansa monga khansa ya endometrial ndi ovarian, koma kwa khansa ina monga khansa ya m'mapapo ndi prostate, maphunzirowa ndi osakwanira. Komabe, ngakhale sizikudziwika ngati mowa umayambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo, ndi bwino kupewa mowa kuti mukhale ndi thanzi.

Maphunziro apamwamba komanso umboni wasayansi ukuwonetsa momveka bwino kufunika kochepetsa kapena ngati kuli kotheka, kusiya / kupewa kumwa mowa kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha khansa. Mowa wochepa womwe timamwa, umakhala wabwino tsogolo labwino!

Chakudya chomwe mumadya komanso chomwe chimakupatsani thanzi ndi chisankho chomwe mumapanga. Lingaliro lanu liyenera kuphatikizapo kulingalira za kusintha kwa majini a khansa, khansa, chithandizo chamankhwala chopitilira muyeso, zovuta zilizonse, zidziwitso za moyo, kulemera, kutalika ndi zizolowezi.

Kukonzekera kwa khansa kuchokera ku addon sikudalira pakusaka kwa intaneti. Zimakusankhirani zomwe mungasankhe malinga ndi sayansi yamayendedwe omwe asayansi athu ndi akatswiri a mapulogalamu. Mosasamala kanthu kuti mumasamala kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambira zamagulu am'thupi kapena ayi - pakukonzekera zakudya za khansa kumvetsetsa kumafunikira.

Yambirani TSOPANO ndikukonzekera zakudya zanu poyankha mafunso okhudzana ndi khansa, kusintha kwa majini, mankhwala opitilira muyeso ndi zowonjezera, chifuwa chilichonse, zizolowezi, moyo, gulu la zaka komanso jenda.

chitsanzo-lipoti

Zakudya Zawekha za Khansa!

Khansara imasintha ndi nthawi. Sinthani ndikusintha zakudya zanu kutengera zomwe zikuwonetsa khansa, machiritso, moyo, zomwe mumakonda, zomwe zingakusangalatseni ndi zina.


Odwala khansa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana chemotherapy mavuto zomwe zimakhudza moyo wawo ndikuyang'ana njira zina zochiritsira khansa. Kutenga chakudya choyenera ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera kutengera zomwe asayansi amalingalira (kupewa kuyerekezera ndi kusankha mwachisawawa) ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yachilengedwe ya khansa ndi zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi chithandizo.


Adawunikiridwa Mwasayansi ndi: Dr. Cogle

Christopher R. Cogle, MD ndi pulofesa wophunzitsidwa ku yunivesite ya Florida, Chief Medical Officer wa Florida Medicaid, ndi Mtsogoleri wa Florida Health Policy Leadership Academy ku Bob Graham Center for Public Service.

Muthanso kuwerenga izi mu

Kodi positiyi inali yothandiza bwanji?

Dinani pa nyenyezi kuti muyese!

Chiwerengero chapakati 4.8 / 5. Chiwerengero chavoti: 35

Palibe mavoti mpaka pano! Khalani oyamba kuwerengera izi.

Pamene mudapeza kuti positi ili lothandiza ...

Tsatirani ife pa zamalonda!

Tikupepesa kuti zolemba izi sizinali zothandiza kwa inu!

Tiyeni tiwongole malo awa!

Tiuzeni momwe tingasinthire izi positi?